Professional Ethical Standards

Professional Ethical Standards in Criminal Justice C beers While researching a growing number of biography potentials in the champaign of criminal justice, nonpareil sticks out more than the others. The field of practicing law and being a lawyer certainly created more interest than any(prenominal) of the others. An lawyer has an interesting job, and the side of the law he/she chooses to practice proposes different respectable situations that would create potential dilemmas in everyday situations. lawyers are people that are sometimes supercharged with the way other peoples lives are affected.With so many different areas of law to study, this paper will address the field of a defense attorney. There are many questions a person should ask before making the choice to enter into law school and die forward in this career path. Do I enjoy working closely with people regarding signifi endt issues or events involving their lives? Can I empathize with a clients situation, yet have the ability to objectively analyze the issues and their consequences in light of the existing law? Do I enjoy educating or teaching a person about a subject which he or she whitethorn be ignorant or have serious misconceptions?Am I able to articulate in a clear and concise manner my analysis of a problem to others, whether it is verbally or in composing? Do I enjoy being an advocate? Can I argue both sides of the question with enthusiasm? Do I like flesh out work? Do I enjoy searching for the facts of a situation? Do I like to read and study? After answering these questions, one can determine whether he or she should pursue a career in law. A day in the life of a defense attorney includes important decisions and specific judgments that have to be made.A defense attorney typically will practice law by defending people accused of a nuisance or some other offense. A defense attorney has to be aware that he/she is defending a person that has been accused, has possibly low-pitched the la w, and is trying to be acquitted or absolved from wrong doing. While a defense attorney may know the truth about the crime the accused is defending against, it is the attorneys job to put a reasonable doubt in the mind of a jury or pretend and seek a judgment that suits the defense. The defense attorney must possess sharpened nalytical skills when examining a case, and be able to find the flaws in the prosecutions charges against a client. A defense attorney also is responsible for billing for their time. A lawyer typically bills for his/her time by the hour, but that is also bemused down into 6 minute increments. It is imperative that billable time is kept track of and is able to be proven to the client. In the State of Illinois there is a drawn-out document named the 2010 Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct that is written and adapted by the Illinois State Supreme Court.While summarizing the document for the purpose of this essay would be exhausting, there is a preamble that outlines the basic code of morals for law professionals in the State of Illinois. There are a list of 21 responsibilities that a lawyer must be followed to uphold your responsibility to the bar association, the client and your profession. Lawyers in Illinois are a representative of their client, and have a responsibility for the quality of justice. A lawyer is pass judgment to be an advisor to his clients and must provide the client with a clear understanding of legal rights and obligations in legal matters.In all matters a lawyer should be prompt, competent and diligent concerning a case, and should always maintain contact with the client. A lawyers conduct should always conform to the requirements of the law. As a semipublic citizen, a lawyer should always look for improvement to laws, access to the justice system, and quality of service rendered by the legal profession. A lawyer should strive to come through the highest level of skill in their profession. The legal professio n is largely self-governing, and is maintained because of the close working relationships of the courts.Lawyers play a vital role in the economy of society the fulfillment of this role requires an understanding by lawyers of their relationship to the legal system. These rules and an exhausting list of others are the code of ethics lawyers in Illinois are expect to abide by. There are many ethical dilemmas that can affect a lawyer on a daily basis. Lawyers face these dilemmas and are held to a higher standard when dealing with them. Since lawyers are expected to know the laws they are expected to e less susceptible to giving in to ethical situations. whiz of the most common ethical breaches for an attorney is a failure to be diligent or to communicate with clients. While this problem may be caused by several reasons, it seems there is a pattern that shows that some attorneys suffer from a depressive disorder. Even though lawyers know that lawyers must be diligent when communicating with their clients, they may have a legitimate medical disorder that possibly prevents them from doing so on a consistent basis.The code that is meant to address this break of ethics is In all matters a lawyer should be prompt, competent and diligent concerning a case, and should always maintain contact with the client. This ethics code instructs a lawyer to construe the client has expectations and the lawyers are expected to uphold those expectations. Another common ethical issue among attorneys is a misrepresentation by the attorney. For example, a lawyer says he has a lot of experience in a certain type of case, when in fact he has little experience in that type of case.This type of ethical violation would be found under a heading of misconduct. It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to engage any conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation. This type of misrepresentation by a lawyer damages the profession and creates a situation of mistrust. Lawyers a re generally trusted members of the justice system, and are precondition important information during a case they are working on. It is very important that the lawyers are working within the ethical systems set forth by the verbalises bar association.Working within the bar associations code of ethics will ensure the success of a lawyers career and help grow the client base. Becoming an attorney strikes me as an interesting career to pursue due to the high level of analytical elaborate required to be successful. There are many ethical situations that come up on a daily basis for a defense attorney. From communicating with your clients, to billing issues there is always something a lawyer has to be aware of while maintaining an ethical code. When dealing in a profession that has a disposition of being dis-liked nd not trustworthy, a lawyer must be careful not to get into a situation where he or she can be found unethical. Ethics has always been an issue that troubles lawyers in th eir fields. When determining ethical issues a lawyer must constantly refer to their code of ethics in their particular state. If a lawyer is found guilty of violating an ethical code, with intent to harm others, a lawyer can be dis-barred, sued, and even charged with a crime. In summary, it is in a lawyers best interest to adhere to the code of ethics set forth by the state they choose to practice law in.References Illinois Supreme Court (January 1 2010). Illinois Supreme Court Rules of Professional Conduct. Retrieved from www. state. il. us/court/supremecourt. htm The Princeton Review (2012). Career Attorney. Retrieved from www. princetonreiew. com Anthony T. Verwey (February 15th 2011). Depressive Disorders and Attorney Discipline. Retrieved from www. utbf. com J. Riley (March 25th 2008). Do I want to be a lawyer? Retrieved from www. academic. regis. edu Lawyers. com (2012). Reporting a Lawyer for Ethics Violations. Retrieved from www. legal-malpractice. lawyers. com

Invention of Telephone

Why did Alexander Graham doorbell invent the telephone? * Mrs. Bell was deaf and Mr. Bell was always trying to help oneself those who could not hear. The telephone was one of his attempts to create a device for the deaf, to assist their ability to hear. * Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone so that sight drive out communicate with other people anywhere in world. * To facilitate verbal communication over long distances. * He invented the telephone because he is an inventor and he wanted to find a way how to communicate with other people apart from talking to them face-to-face. Bell originally started looking into the telephone as a way to speak to the spirit world. As with many inventors and inventions of the age, there seemed to be a great belief in spirits and the need to communicate with them so that items such as radio waves, telephones and televisions all started out as a means of communication with the other world. * Previous communication technology was limited to the telecommunicate. The telegraph was inefficient because it relied on Morse Code to relay messages.Only a few trained professionals were taught Morse Code, and not everybody could translate with it. Whereas a telephone would allow people to speak directly to one another without a step in-between. Bell sought to solve this problem. * There is a report that says that Alexander Graham Bell invented the phone to help his few family members as they suffered from hearing problems. But at the same time his father in law did not agree with it. He said it was a toy, that no child would be interested in.

Mainstreaming and Inclusion Education For Disabled Children

According to the Curry School of Education, approximately 80% of students with asking disabilities receive the mass of their instruction in the general classroom (Inclusion. http//curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/dept/cise/ose.html. 10 Oct. 1999). That number is expected to rise as teachers and parents become aware of the benefits of inclusion.Because there are so many alter students in regular schools, it is important to look at whether or not mainstreaming is necessary for their gentility. For parents, having their disabled children mainstreamed into regular education give the axe be a difficult choice. Although disabled childrens education can be more challenging in regular schools, the benefits of inclusion include intensify self-esteem, development of social skills, and exposure to regular curriculum.Many people believe mainstreaming only seconds disabled children, but there are many challenges that trauma their education rather than military service. Both faculty and students can be cruel to disabled students. Because they are not used to interacting with disabled children, faculty and students may be awkward with the situation and be insensitive to the disabled children. By ignoring the disabled children or treating them badly, the children will lose self-esteem and may disrupt the class in cabaret to show their unhappiness. Some teachers are not familiar with teaching disabled children, so the education is lacking for the children. Teachers may continue to teach their classes at an quicken level, forgetting about the slower students. The students will then fall behind and get frustrated with the situation. All these factors hurt disabled childrens education and will hurt their line ups at succeeding in life.Being in a regular school can help disabled children feel better about themselves and their accomplishments. When disabled children complete a more challenging task, they may receive praise from their teacher and fellow students. Kim H arries says that when cultivation disabled students are placed in classrooms with regular achieving students, higher expectations are placed on them. In turn, their desire to excel increases (Mainstreaming. http//www.psych.westminster.edu/medvin/psy46/inclus/mainstreaming.htm. 11 Oct. 1999). Disabled children know that they are overcoming great odds by attendance a regular school. Because of that knowledge, they can be proud of their accomplishments no matter how small they may be. Because of their effort, disabled children can feel better about themselves in spite of the disability that ails them.Inclusion in a regular school gives disabled children the social skills needed to live in the outside world. Disabled children learn important lessons to help them adapt to the real world. They learn how to interact with former(a) people and how they are expected to act in public. According to Scott Willis, Advocates of mainstreaming, on the other hand, claim that the mainstreaming of di sabled students results in better socialization skills for the disabled children (Inclusion Gains Ground. Education Update. Dec. 1995 1-8). Disabled children gain real life experiences when weeding with regular students. They deal with the everyday ridicule and challenges that only make them stronger against those that may put them down. Dealing with and learning from everyday problems now will only help disabled children as they grow up in an unkind world.Immersion in regular curriculum gives disabled children a chance to show their abilities. Disabled children can test their skills and see what areas they excel in. After children find something they excel in, they can use that talent in future aspirations. Disabled children are given a chance to challenge their minds and thus grow genially. By doing so, they may increase their learning capabilities and advance in their education. Because children may only be disabled in plastered areas of curriculum, immersion will give them a chance to keep up in classes they are mentally able to. By giving disabled children the chances they deserve, their mental and physical abilities are able to improve and thus improve their education.Even though education in regular schools can be challenging for learning disabled children, including them can enhance their self-esteem, develop their social skills to help them survive in the world, and give them a chance to be exposed to regular curriculum. Everyone at some point in their lives will be exposed to people with handicaps. If they learn to look past them at a young age, it will help them succeed in a mainstreaming world. Jennifer Pinland, a speech pathologist that works with disabled children says, Children with handicaps cannot be ignored and pushed through the school system. They must get the help they need in order to avoid ridicule and defeat for the rest of their lives.

Pros and Cons of Technology in Health Care: The Case of NHS England

AbstractThe focus of this test is NHS England, delving on the advantages and disadvantages of technology, specifically wandering technology in healthc ar. A systematic freshen is conducted, using secondary data as a method of data collection. The advantages include modify cost, efficiency, effectiveness, safety, and graphic symbol in healthc ar, as well as ability to address NHS contemporary budget cuts in the midst of several admissions. The study does not find any disadvantages but barriers, including cost, usability, privateness issues, assault and battery power efficiency, low interest in health information and observe function, and non-reliance on the available planetary technology.Recommendations include preparing nurses and other medical ply for smooth technology system in NHS England, and pursuing an evaluation study on the efficiency of diligent technology in the organisation.1. IntroductionWith the advancement of technology, nonetheless the healthcare sector h as eventually adopted its benefits towards better patient care. Current studies focus on curing diseases using technology and using officious call in technology in chronic illness management (e.g. Blake, 2008). In NHS, mobile technology is used in improving the quality of health care services (NHS England).1.1 Aims and ObjectivesThis study aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile technology in healthcare. It in addition aims to highlight the extent to which NHS England uses mobile technology in care services.The objectives are the succeeding(a)To conduct a cogitation of literature on the use of mobile technology in the healthcare practice To pursue a systematic suss out in addressing the question question To recognize implications for practice and provide recommendations for future research1.2 Research QuestionThe research question that this study intends to answer is What are the advantages and disadvantages faced by NHS England in its adoption of mob ile technology?2. Literature ReviewThe review of literature pertains to the survey of divers(a) works and studies to find evidence to the study (Oermann and Hays, 2010). stand up and Standing (2009) emphasised that amidst the recognition of the benefits associated with the use of technology in healthcare, its widespread adoption continues to lag. The authors proposed that the major barriers to such adoption pertain to certain basic general issues and that its problematic adoption is caused by the fragmented health care system, inappropriate outcome measures, and conflicting incentives. The authors stressed that a systems perspective must be taken vis-a-vis using technology adoption frameworks. No statistical data were tested for hypothesis and only secondary data were used for the discussion, which enabled sufficiency of the discussion.The magnificence and urgency of adopting technology in healthcare was supported by Avancha et al. (2012) who claimed that the cost, efficiency, and quality of healthcare can be enhanced through information technology. With this in consideration, the authors examined mobile technology privacy requirements that can potentially transform healthcare systems. The use of mobile technology can allow physicians to monitor their patients health conditions in a remote manner and likewise enable individuals to also manage their own health. The authors surveyed the literature and developed a conceptual privacy framework for mobile health, which was commensurate to generating conclusions.The study of Avanche et al. (2012) was contrary to that of Burley et al. (2011) in their claim of a high failure probability of information technology in healthcare. Nonetheless, they declared seeing an emerging emergence amongst healthcare professionals who use mobile technology in their profession. The study revealed through content psychoanalysis that individual healthcare professionals are the ones mostly making optional innovation decisions. C ontent analysis as a methodology to draw analysis had been appropriate for this study.Contrary to the study of Burley et al. (2011), that of Boulos et al. (2011) indicated that the overpowering computing technology of the current smartphone generation allows such technology to function as handheld computers. Contributory to this occurrence is the fact that these handheld computers are capable of large memories and application development. The authors cited Apple, Android, Windows, and so on as the available platforms for mobile computing and focused on applications (apps) that target patients and healthcare professionals in a variety of settings, such as health and lifestyle management and public health monitoring. The barriers to adopting apps for healthcare smartphone were identified as cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. These barriers must be taken into account when developing mobile technology in NHS. The study surveyed the literature to come up w ith the analysis, which had been viable to drawing inferences on the subject.Conversely, a national survey involving around 1,400 Americans demonstrated various concerns on the popularity of mobile healthcare technologies based on radio frequency identification (RFID). Positive association was found between interest in RFID in the flesh(predicate) medical technology and high trust levels associated with social support. The study revealed overwhelming interest in nascent intervention services but not such(prenominal) in the areas of health information and monitoring (Katz and Rice, 2009). This is contrary to that of Boulos et al. (2011) which highlighted health and lifestyle management and public health monitoring as areas of healthcare mobile technology. The survey was an appropriate methodology for this study to produce the desired outcomes.Similar to Avanche et al. (2012) and Boulos et al. (2011), Brady et al. (2012) stated that mobile phones help in boosting the efficiency of clinical communication and are congruous more progressively involved in healthcare rescue. However, it was found that pathogenic bacteria can reside in healthcare workers mobile phones and could further dilate when doctors bring additional communication electronic devices without the necessary guidance on use and decontamination. The study involved 87 mobile phones owned by doctors, sampled for bacterial growth and discovered that 87 percent of doctors knew that such bacteria could in fact reside in their phones but only 8 percent cleaned them on a regular basis. The conclusion suggested simple cleaning remedies to decrease the possibility of cross-contamination from mobile phones. The methodology adopted was appropriate to the generation of expected results.The actor-network possibility offers perspectives for taking into custody people and their interactions with inanimate objects, i.e. mobile technology. Cresswell et al. (2010) argued that being informed by this theory can provide beneficial outcomes to healthcare services research, particularly to complex IT systems. The actor-network theory can enable an understanding of the manner in which social effects are generated as a result of the relationship between various actors inwardly the network. The method used by the authors is descriptive, which is suitable to the contents of the topic.3. Research Methodology3.1 Research DesignThe research methodology purports to address the research questions and aims and objectives identified in this study. The qualitative research design is pursued in order to properly tackle the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare. This research design focuses on creating meanings in processes and producing inductive analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2003).3.2 Data Collection MethodThe data collection method being utilised in the study is secondary, which indicates the use of secondary sources only, such as books, academic journals, and online resources. unessential data collection method is defined as the method in which the researcher uses non-original data for a specific purpose not originally intend by the one who has collected it (Grinnell et al., 2012). In this study, all secondary data are intended for the purposes of addressing the research question.The study takes on a desk-based approach as it adopts a systematic review, which is a method used in understanding broad prices of information and contributing to the answers to questions (Jesson et al., 2011).3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe search for literature is do using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the survey of literature include data published from 2009 up to 2014, discussing mobile technology in healthcare in the UK and other countries. The exclusion criteria are therefore data published in 2008 and older.3.4 Search ApproachThe search engines used are Google, Scholar Google, and Books Google. The search is limited to mobile techno logy in healthcare and mobile technology in NHS.4. Research ResultsRecent news indicates that the National Health Service is utilising smartphone technology to help nurses give care more efficiently with patients and improve the quality of healthcare in the organisation (Watson, 2014). NHS is at the moment facing budget cuts and increasing admissions, making its professionals of all levels to beseem beleaguered to do more with less resources (See Appendix-A). Increased efficiency, patient care, and reduced cost are anchored on targeted investment in certain identified areas of healthcare settings. The NHS breast feeding Technology Fund is one recent initiative in this regard, which provides some hope for NHS and the forefront of health services to improve its overall care delivery (NHS England, 2014). The Prime Minister announced in 2012 that the Nursing Technology Fund will be launched to support nurses and other medical staff toward optimising the use of digital technology in a ll aspects of care settings in order to realise safer, more efficient, and more effective care delivery (NHS England, 2014).Recent information submitted to NHS England also stressed that notwithstanding NHS planned paperless healthcare setting by 2018 (See Appendix-B), proceed reliance on handwritten notes and hallway conversations to discuss patient condition are still being carried out by majority of nurses and other medical staff in NHS (Watson, 2014). This indicates lack of preparedness and exposure to mobile technology, which by this clipping must already be carried out amongst healthcare professionals.5. Findings and RecommendationsWatsons (2014) article about utilising smartphone technology to help nurses toward more efficient care delivery and improved healthcare quality in NHS is congruent to that of Avancha et al. (2012), which emphasised the importance of information technology to improve cost, quality, and efficiency in healthcare. The adoption of mobile technology, given this comment by Avancha et al., would enable tackling its current budget cuts in the midst of increasing admissions. This is one advantage of mobile technology system for NHS. The hope for increased quality of care and safer and more effective care delivery through NHS Nursing Technology Fund is also parallel to the studies of Boulos et al. (2011), Avancha et al. (2012), and Brady et al. (2012). However, Watsons (2014) article on the continued reliance of nurses and other medical staff on handwritten notes and hallway conversations rather than on mobile technology to discuss patient condition are not harmonising with the discussions of these authors who highlighted the various advantages that a healthcare setting can draw from mobile technology. It only means that at this stage, NHS is not yet fully utilising the benefits of mobile technology in spite of the availability of this technology now.The actor-network theory supports NHS inclination towards adopting mobile technolo gy in healthcare services with its understanding of the network occupied by humans and their interactions with inanimate objects, i.e. IT systems (Cresswell et al., 2010).The literature did not cite disadvantages to adopting mobile technology in healthcare instead, it cited certain barriers to ease of adoption, such as that of Boulos et al. (2011) who mentioned cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency, as well as Katz and Rice (2009) who suggested lack of interest in health information and monitoring services. In his article for The Guardian, Watson (2014) also indicated that despite the planned paperless organisation by 2018, nurses and other staff at the NHS had not really relied on the already available technology for fundamental patient information.Recommendations for the study include the followingPrepare nurses and other medical staff for mobile technology system in NHS England by implementing a policy on its eventual(prenominal) use.This policy will enab le nurses and medical staff in NHS to be thoroughly accustomed to the system until the full adoption of paperless healthcare setting by 2018.Pursue an evaluation study on the efficiency of mobile technology in NHS.This study will be centered on the extent to which mobile technology system has been effective for NHS.6. ConclusionThis study has centred on the advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology in healthcare, with specific emphasis on NHS England. A systematic review is carried out to fulfill the aims and objectives as well as the research question of the study.The findings identified such advantages as improved health care quality, improvement in the areas of cost and efficiency, being able to tackle NHS current budget cuts in the midst of enormous admissions, and safer and more effective care delivery. The study did not identify certain disadvantages to such adoption but cited barriers instead, including cost, usability, privacy issues, and battery power efficiency. Ad ditional barriers include lack of interest in health information and monitoring services as well as non-reliance on the already available technology.Implications for practice include further research toward improved technology innovation in healthcare, and training and expertise in using mobile technology as a fundamental aspect of quality and safe healthcare.ReferencesAvancha, S., Baxi, A., and Kotz, D. (2012) Privacy in active Technology for Personal Healthcare. Journal of ACM Computing Surveys, 45 (1).Blake, H. (2008) Mobile Phone Technology in Chronic Disease Management. Nursing Standard, 23 (12), 43-46.Blogger, R. (2011) Cameron is Spending less(prenominal) on the NHS Than Even Thatcher Would Have. Accessed on 19 November 2014 from http//liberalconspiracy.org/2011/10/31/cameron-is-spending-less-on-the-nhs-than-even-thatcher-would-have/Boulos, M. N. K., Wheeler, S., Tavares, C., and Jones R. (2011) How Smartphones Are Changing the Face of Mobile and Participatory Healthcare An Overview with Example from eCAALYX. Biomedical engineering science Online. Accessed on 18 November from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080339/Brady, R. R. W., Chitnis, S., Stewart, R. W., Graham, C., Yalamirthi, S., and Morris, K. (2012) NHS Connecting for Health Healthcare Professionals, Mobile technology, and Infection Control. Telemedicine and e-Health, 18 (4).Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) Business Research Methods. Oxford Oxford University Press.Burley, L., Scheepers, H., and Fisher, J. (2011) Diffusion of Mobile Technology in Healthcare. Accessed on 18 November from http//www.grchina.com/mobility/lab/Archives/EuromGov2005/PDF/8_R356BL.pdfCreswell, K. M., Worth, A., and Sheick, A. (2010) Actor-Network Theory and Its Role in Understanding the Implementation of Information Technology Developments in Healthcare. BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making, 10 67, inside 10.1186/1472-6947-10-67.Grinnell, R. M., Gabor, P. A., and Unrau, Y. A. (2012) Program Evaluation fo r Social Workers Foundations of Evidence-Based Programs. Oxford Oxford University Press.Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., and Lacey, F. M. (2011) Doing Your Literature Review Traditional and Systematic Techniques. London SAGE Publications Ltd.Katz, J. E. and Rice, R. E. (2009) Public Views of Mobile Medical Devices and Services A US National Survey of Consumer Sentiments towards RFID Healthcare technology. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78 (2), 1014-114.NHS National Health Service (2012) Digital Technology Essentials Guide. London QIPP Digital Technology.NHS England (2014) juicy Quality Care for All, Now and For Future Generations. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from file///G/WRITE%20ENTERPRISE/8819%20PROS%20AND%20CONS%20TECHNOLOGY/SOURCE%20OF%20NHS.htmOermann, M. and Hays, J. (2010) Writing for Publication in Nursing. Second Edition. NY customs duty Publishing Company, LLC.Watson, S. (2014) Mobile Technology Will Nurse the NHS Back to Health. The Guardian. Accessed on 18 November 2014 from http//www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/apr/17/mobile-technology-nurse-nhs-health

Mentorship through Maslow’s Self-actualisation: Teaching, Learning and Assessment Theories

IntroductionThe past decades has seen the rise in mentorship programmes targeting privates and groups. Interest in mentoring programmes has been fuelled in part by the increased recognition that mentorship results into positive kins mingled with the mentored and the adult mentors, which have been noted to promote resilience among youths (Wilson and Peterson, 2006). In other words, mentoring is a unfavorable aspect of human growth with the dexterity to transform an individuals hidden ability into an elite performer. However, it should never be assumed that the ingrained features of the natural association amid an adult mentor and a unripe mentee is enough to influence the process of mentorship leading to satisfactory results. Moreover, most research studies have mainly foc physical exercised on mentee values, while ignoring their motivation and interests.Because of its multidisciplinary nature, mentorship requires a 4-dimensional approach to issues. As much(prenominal), var ious theories have been proposed to enhance mentorship programmes effectiveness. Maslows humanistic possibleness is based on the notion that experience is the staple fibre phenomenon in the take on and understanding of human breeding behaviour (Kenrick, 2010). Maslow emphasises on the importance of choice, creativity, values and self-actualisation as distinctive human qualities, indicating that meaningfulness and subjectivity argon much strong than objectivity. In other words, Maslow rejects the behaviourism and psychoanalysis because of the belief that it leads to over-reliance on human frailty at the expense of human strengths. This paper expounds on how a mentor washbowl use Maslows theory of self-actualisation to relieve mentorship success, through the theories of teaching, acquirement and assessments.Maslows hierarchy of demandIts prudent to highlight the Maslows five hierarchy of needs and what these needs stand for, before delving into how the last need, self-actual isation, is essential for a successful mentorship programme. Maslow developed hierarchy of needs, which is based on the study of psychology foc use on the subjective experiences and freewill. In other words, human needs do change through a persons animation (Kenrick, et al., 2010). Maslow, thus, ranks the human needs from most basic physical needs to the most advanced self-actualisation. These ranks, which are a great deal referred to as Maslows hierarchy of needs are psychological needs, preventative, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualisation. While physiological needs include essential things like food, air, water and any other factor that contribute to the human survival, the need for safety include issues to do with environmental security, job security, resource availability, healthcare and property ownership among others. In many instances, the loss for safety is experienced during economic crisis or a country experiencing a disaster.The sense of belonging, as another ne ed, includes love, sense of fri closingship, intimacy, and family belonging among other needs. Belongingness is thus established after safety and physiological needs have been assured. But there is exception to this rule particularly where peer pressure is involved, which whitethorn lead an individual to solicit for belongingness to satisfy a societal standards. Then there esteem, a need that include issues such as confidence, self-esteem, and respect among others. This level of need builds on the need for inter ain elements of need such as love and belonging through the elements of being accepted and valued. It may lead to a close interaction between a mentor and a mentee, which often results to development of strong interpersonal and communication skills to the latter (Lunsford, 2011).Lastly is the self-actualisation, which includes factors such as moral behaviour, creative thinking, and problem solving abilities. Self-actualisation, considered the most significant of all needs, is the driver of every other aspect of human need (McGuire, 2011).The theory of teaching, learning and assessmentIn order to facilitate the impact of mentorship, a mentor may use various approaches of teaching, learning and assessment. Individuals have their own peculiar(prenominal) way of learning and to recognise that everyone does not learn the selfsame(prenominal) way. As such, the contemporary concept of learning views it as a process of active engagement (Craig, 2013 Wilson and Peterson, 2006). A mentor influences a mentee through provision of appropriate structure, look of positive expectation, advocating and explaining, administering challenges to students, provision of vision that is able to sustain the interests of the learners. According to Feeney (2007), for mentorship to be effective, mentees mustiness be guided on a journey at the end of which the mentee develops into a different and become to a greater extent accomplished.In the perspective of Maslows theory, a m entee is more likely to develop better career path if their interactions with their mentors is holistic. That is, mentees specific needs may directly influence their relationships with their mentors. For a mentorship programme to success, a mentor can focus on giving greater consideration in mentoring practice. Mentorship as processes of active engagementOne of the most critical aspects of education and learning over the past few decades is the move away from the concept that learner is a sponge toward an image of learner as active constructor of meaning (Israel et al., 2014 954). The contemporary theory of learning focuses on behaviour. In this aspect a particular behaviour will lead to another and that when a mentor act in a certain way, the mentee will also act in a certain way as head.The reasons why modern teaching, learning and assessment theories go hand-in-hand with Maslows theory, is that teachers hardly have control over the students ability to learn. This may also be rep licated in mentoring, with a form of teaching that encourages mentors to facilitate learning process both within and outside their scope of control. some of the things a mentor needs to feel is whether the mentee is motivated, comfortable with the learning methods employed, interested, and whether the learning environment encourages interactions. These requirements are all contained in the Maslows theory of self-actualisation.Holistic learning theory provides the basic premise of mentorship as it gives individual reputation, which is comprised of elements such as intellect, emotions, desire, intuition and imagination (Lunsford, 2011). For learning to take place and be effective, all these elements must be activated. This is in line with Maslows theory that is based on the perspective that a persons drive to learn is intrinsic, and is purposefully meant to get hold of self-actualisation. In essence, the goal of a mentor should include the process of helping the mentee to achieve the desired self-actualisation of a mentee. In order to achieve the desired outcomes, it is needful for mentors to establish relationships between mentors and mentees, which encourage patterns of regular contact over a significant period of time.Mentorship as a social phenomenon the social theory of learningAnother significant shift in the mentorship field is the growing awareness among mentorship theorists is that learners and mentees need social environment to facilitate learning and enhance the full benefit of mentorship. While previous learning theorists put more emphasis on individual learning, the current work places more emphasis on the critical situation of social groups in the development of understanding and enhancement of mentorship success. Even though solitude and silent background provide good opportunities that are likely to favour learning process, the social occasions involved in various discussions, conversations, debate and partnership or group working equally play a critical intent in the learning outcome. For example, small children may refer to everything with four legs as dog, but learn to separate a dog from a cat with time as they pronounce the names publicly and an adult gently amend their pronunciation. This kind of approach to learning sometimes is referred to as natural action theory, which can be traced psychologist Vygotsky, 1981 (cited in Lunsford, 2011 479), who theorised that social world has a strong influence on individuals development.Self-actualisation, as one of Maslows five hierarchies of needs, deals with the idea of setting a sense of problem solving. A mentor can use the social interaction to enhance their mentees develop more problem- solving skills. The common concept about self-actualisation is that knowledge and practice is inseparable, because humans learn or know by doing (McGuire, 2011 Wilkes, 2006). This means that a mentor can look at mentees as they are doing something meaningful, such as solving an au thentic problem, in aspect they want to understand what the mentees level of understanding.Learner going away as a resourceAnother significant shift that people have adopted is the value placed on individual and group differences. Quinn and Hughes (2007) observe that one of the self-evident truths of schooling is that learners come with varied experiences, capabilities, understandings, and backgrounds. As a person seeks mentorship to achieve high-quality of what they value most in their lives, the differences between individuals continue to widen. For example, as school environments become more democratic, teachers/ mentors are forced to learn to deal with the inherent differences that exist between the students/mentees. While in the traditional model of teaching, teachers often used the deficit model of students to draw and plan the learning process, modern teaching, based on mentorship, emphasises that the difference between mentees should be treated as a resource.This approach is in line with Maslows self-actualisation, which embraces the difference between individuals growth, which is treated as personal and fulfillment of ones own potentials. A mentor, using this perspective, will focus on the difference between individual mentees as strength rather than a weakness, by focusing on each mentees own volition of success. In essence, a mentor should not use a standardised approach to building individual mentees personality. According to Maslow (1987, cited in Kenrick, 2010, p.4), a self-actualised person has a great sense of awareness, which allow them to maintain a near constant enjoyment of life. They often engage in activities that facilitate the feeling of unity with possible meaningful outcome. They also tend to develop some degree of acceptance for all that seem unchangeable as well as level of spontaneous and stamina to work on what is changeable (Kenrick, 2010). In essence, a self-actualised individual has developed a complete and coherent personali ty that enables them to dictate their lifes direction. A mentor can use this approach by applying theories of learning to help themUtilise and provide value to the role that a mentee brings to the table during the assessment process Undertake, facilitate and act upon feedback from a mentee with regard to effectiveness of the learning environment Allow the mentee to have some personal time for reflection of their personal as well as professional development Provide value-oriented and timely feedback and evaluation of individual mentees level of progression (Gopee, 2011). The Theory of teaching for understandingThe other shift that mentors have redirect their concern is based on assumptions that knowledge is based on what a mentee is to learn. Nicklin and Kenworthy (eds) (2003) cite that this theory is no longer based on what mentees quietly master or learn, but is based on the contemporary educational reform that demands that students hold more flexible comprehension of issues in a broader concept. In other words, learners must not only know the basics but also how to use those basic skills to identify and solve non-traditional problems. Alternatively, the use of critical thinking is meant to emphasise teaching for understanding. This theory has specific underlying assumptions that to be considered competent in a specific field, one must master core ideas, concepts and facts, and more importantly, its processes of inquiry and arguments.ConclusionAlthough critics of Maslows self-actualisation believe that this approach of teaching and learning oversimplifies complicated ideas, it may not be right to suggest that ideas about learning, learners, and knowing are either mutually exclusive or monolithic. If anything, the compatibility of these ideas is one of the reasons for their popularity in the last triple decades. The idea of developing skills needs to be holistic, and mentors need to adopt methods that would embrace the contemporary theories of teaching, l earning and assessments to increase the effectiveness of mentorship.A mentors role in practice placement is critical helping a mentee go through successful learning and assessment process. Although the relationship that may develop between a mentor and a mentee is quite complicated, it is essential to establish certain form of association that allows a mentor to provide support while at the same time remain objective and analytical as well. From the perspective of a mentee, a good mentor is teacher who nurtures, while at the same time remains a knowledgeable friend (Wikes, 2006). Maslows self- actualisation need can guide a mentor through identification of essential factors that would lead to a mentee becoming self-actualised. A mentor can facilitate the success of a mentorship process by jointly defining realistic expectations of their relationship with a mentee, to increase opportunities for understanding and trust.ReferencesCraig, C.A., Allen, M.W., Reid, M.F. Riemenschneider, C. K., and Armstrong, D.J. (2013) The impact of career mentoring and psychological mentoring on affective organisational commitment, job involvement, and turnover intention. Administration & Society, 45 (8) 949-973.Feeney, M.K. (2007) Toward a useful theory of mentoring a conceptual analysis and critique. Administration & Society, 39 (6) 719-739.Gopee, N. (2011) Mentoring and Supervision in Healthcare. London SAGE.Israel, M., Kamman, M.L., McCray, E.D., and Sindelar, P.T. (2014). Mentoring in action The interplay among professional assistance, emotional support, and evaluation. Exceptional Children, 81 (1) 45-63.Kenrick, D. (2010) rebuild Maslows pyramid on an evolutionary foundation. Psychologytoday Health, Help, Happiness + Find a therapist. Retrieved July 16, 2010 from http/www.psycologytoday.com/blog/sec-murder-and-the-meaning-life/201005/rebuilding maslow-s-pyramid-evolutionary-foundation.Kenrick, D.T., GrisKevicius, v., Neuburg, S.L., and Schaller, M. (2010). Renovating the pyram idof needs Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives onPsychological Science, from http//www.csom.umn.edu/assets/144040.pdf.Lunsford, L.G. (2011). Psychology of mentoring The case of talented college students. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22 (3) 474-498.McGuire, K.J. (2011). Maslows hierarchy of needs. Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH. ISBN 978-3656-23495-1.Nicklin, N. and Kenworthy, N. (eds) (2003) Teaching and assessing in Nursing Practice An Experimental Approach. London Bailliere Tindall.Quinn, F.M. and Hughes, S.J. (2007) Quinns principles and Practice of Nurse Education (5th edition). Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.Wilkes, Z (2006) The Student-Mentor relationship a review of the literature. Nursing Standard. 20 (37). 42-47.Wilson, S., and Peterson, P.L. (2006) Theories of learning and teaching what do they mean for educatorsWorking Paper. Available http//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495823.pdf Accessed 12/12/2014.

Effects of mass media worksheet Essay

What were the major evolutions in the evolution of jalopy media during the 20th century? In the early 1900s newspapers was the main form of mass media. over the years there were many developments in the evolution of mass media in the 20th century. The major developments were the radio, television, and the internet. Radio came along in the early decades of the 20th century. They were considered to little expensive than telephones and by the 1920s it was likely that most households had a radio. Radio did rough occasion that newspapers could not do. It allowed many slew all over to get a line to same thing at the same time. Many people tuned in for updates on the war going on at this time.After radio the bordering form of mass media was the television. In 1946, about 17,000 televisions existed in the United States within 7 years, two-thirds of American households owned at least one set. (Media and Culture, Ch. 1, p.32) Television brought along the qualification for Americans t o not only hear a certain message but for them to see it in like manner. ABC, NBC, and CBS were the 3 major networks that controlled most of the things that Americans watched on television. After television the next major development in mass media was the internet. The first computers were big and bulky and were mainly used by businesses. Eventually computers that people could have in their home were produced. People could access the internet through the phone lines in their home. The internet became a new way for people to communicate with others all around the world. It also opened up many other possibilities for people like doing research, or shopping. How did each development influence American culture?The development of radio influenced American culture in many ways. It opened up a whole new way marketing for those who were trying to sell products. It gave them the strength to reach immense audiences they could not reach before. Radio became the main source of entertainment for most Americans early in the 20th century. They would get their news updates,listen to sporting events, and listen to advertisements. Many believe everything that was said on the radio and lived their lives according to what they heard. From what food to eat, what clothes to wear, radio gave them a sense of how they should be living. With the development of television it gave Americans the ability to put a face to the voice we hear on the radio. I would say that television is a big part of most peoples lives today.Many people today form their beliefs and opinions about certain things from what they see about it on the TV. Politics is a very good example of this. The development of the internet has major influences on American culture today. Most of the world uses the internet daily in some form whether it is on our computer, tablet, smartphone or some other internet ready device. The internet has opened many doors that were not open in years past. One example is it gives people t hat are not able to attend college in person a chance to earn a college degree. The internet has now become one of the main ways that people communicate. It offers us the ability to stay in touch with friends and family through social media and it gives us ways to meet new people.

Professional Athletes’ Salaries

In todays society, the American people cant get enough of their favorite teams and suspensors. Entire cities atomic number 18 infatuated with these teams and as a result, people spend much of their time and silver watching and rooting, hoping for a victory. on that point is nonhing wrong with enjoying and marveling at the talent of these professional athletes, but what happens with in on the whole in all these resources that go into the versions? They go straight to the players. Although our society idolizes and cheers on our favorite athletes, they are significantly overpaid. The amount of money some of the best athletes control in a year is astonishing.Professional baseball player, Alex Rodriguez, exit declare made 33 million dollars this year, just based on his salary, not including endorsements (Freedman). Tiger Woods made nearly 23 million dollars in his winnings from various golf tournaments in 2009, and add on another 105 million from his endorsements and you get the highest paid athlete in the world (Freeman). Endorsements are another subject entirely, but it makes you understand how important it is for companies to charter their logo on someones hat, or have a crowing star in their commercial.Keep in mind not all athletes are paid in millions, we are talking about some of the best in the most popular sports. That existence said, the add up MLB players adjure go out be around three million dollars, and the minimum being 400 thousand dollars (MLBPA). This government agency a player sitting on the bench the entire season will make nearly ten times what the average teacher will make. The reason all of these players get paid so much is beca occasion all professional sports leagues are essentially a business. And with all these countless numbers of sport fans (myself included), business is booming.It is important to understand how the business works when you need to fix a problem. The Managers and Owners want their team to do well to brin g in the fans, which in turn brings in the money. If a team is doing well they will make exponentially more money because of the sellout crowds and the jerseys flying off the shelves. The best way to mend your team is to get the best players, and that is done by paying for them. When a player is a free agent (does not have a contract to a specific team), teams will essentially bid and negotiate, and in most cases the highest paying team will get that player.This is why teams like the Yankees have so many of the best players, because of their humungous fan base, they have a seemingly unlimited amount of cash to bring in the best players. So all this money is coming in from tickets and clothing and other sources of income and it has to go somewhere, right? Many people think athletes are rightfully paid all the money they have earned. Some argue that football players have short careers and many health problems after they are retired, so they will then need money for their injuries.Wit h the average NFL player making 310 Thousand dollars in a year (NFL Player ), and they play 10 years for example, they should be okay financially. Some young athletes will receive their first big check and go blow it all immediately. This is why some players are broke years after their career, and try to use it to justify their pay check, and make it seem as if they arent paid that much at all. In reality it is their poor money managing skills they unchanging make a ridiculously larger amount of money in their career than any normal person will make in their lifetime.Another argument is that not all athletes are paid so highly. This is true, a professional volleyball player, or even a minor league baseball player, will probably not make as much as a A-Rod or Tiger, but they are making a living by having fun playing a sport. What more could you ask for? When you take a look at an athletes salary and compare it to a teacher, fireman, or even a doctor, it doesnt even come close. There are so many other occupations that are paid much less than a pro athlete, but contribute much more to our community.Teachers are having to have more and more students in their classes and many of them are having to find a new career because of the pay. A good teacher can diversity the lives of some students and provide so much knowledge, but it is hard to aspire to be a teacher rather than an athlete when you compare the twos salary. Think of all the money we could put into education, health, the environment, just to name a few. Just being able to live by playing a sport is something players shouldnt take for granted.It is the very(prenominal) fans of the sports who are responsible for such high salaries (Callahan). The main way to lower professional athletes salaries would be for people to stop paying so much for tickets, jerseys, and sports packages on television. Frankly, that will not be happening anytime soon with the current way we worship these people. What needfully to h appen is the big professional sports leagues (NBA, MLB, NFL, NHL), need to recognize what is way out on. They need to see how our economy is hurt and how our society needs the financial support.Ticket prices need to be slashed. Jersey prices need to be slashed. The best athletes can still be rewarded and paid a few hundred thousand, not millions and millions. They can still make great money from endorsements. And those extra funds need to be given game to the cities that have given so much to the sports franchises. The people need them to rebuild our educational and health systems, and our overall economy. Players can still have a great standard of living, but it is just wasted money if they are sitting among Americas richest.Many of these arguments can also be said for corporate CEOs and that needs to change. These people are at the top of the food chain while everyone below them is hurting. The sports leagues are blinded by greed and stardom not only is it the athletes being pai d so much, but the team owners as well. It is okay to look at these pros as a personal hero, but we need to step back and cut down on how much we idolize them if we want to see improvement. In the end, it is all a business and it is their job to step up and make a change to better our society.